¡¡¡¡Directions:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1.(10 points)

¡¡¡¡To produce the upheaval(¼¤±ä) in the United States that changed and modernized the domain of higher education from the mid-1860¡¯s to the mid-1880¡¯s, three primary causes interacted. The 1 of a halfª²dozen leaders in education provided the personal force that was needed. 2 , an outcry£¨Äź°£© for a fresher, more practical, and more advanced kind of instruction 3 among the alumni£¨Ð£ÓÑ£© and friends of nearly all of the old college and grew into a movement that overrode£¨Ñ¹µ¹£© all 4 opposition. The aggressive ¡°Young Yale¡± movement appeared, demanding partial alumni control, a more 5 spirit, and a broader course of study. The graduates of Harvard College simultaneously 6 to relieve the college¡¯s poverty and demand new 7 .Education was pushing toward higher standards in the East by 8 off church leadership everywhere, and in the West by finding a wider range of studies and a new 9 of public duty.

¡¡¡¡The old-style classical education received its most crushing 10 in the citadel£¨³Ç±¤£© of Harvard College, 11 Dr. Charles Eliot, a young captain of thirty-five, son of a former treasurer of Harvard, led the 12 forces. Five revolutionary advances were made during the first years of Dr. Eliot¡¯s 13 . They were the elevation and amplification of entrance requirements, the enlargement of the 14 and the development of the 15 system, the recognition of graduate study in the liberal arts, the raising of professional training in law, medicine, and engineering to a postgraduate level, and the fostering(ÅàÑø) of greater 16 in student life. Standard of admission were sharply advanced in 1872¡«1877. 17 the appointment of a dean£¨Ôº³¤£© to take charge of student affairs, and a wise handling of 18 , the undergraduates were led to regard themselves more as young gentlemen and 19 as young animals. One new course of study after another was 20 science, music, the history of the fine arts, advanced Spanish, political economy, physics and international law.

¡¡¡¡1. £ÛA£Ý uproar    £ÛB£Ý threshold    £ÛC£Ý emergency  £ÛD£Ý emergence

¡¡¡¡2. £ÛA£Ý However£ÛB£Ý Moreover   £ÛC£Ý Thereafter  £ÛD£Ý Indeed

¡¡¡¡3. £ÛA£Ý aroused   £ÛB£Ý arose          £ÛC£Ý roused        £ÛD£Ý incurred

¡¡¡¡4. £ÛA£Ý conservative£ÛB£Ý conventional£ÛC£Ý radical£ÛD£Ý profound

¡¡¡¡5. £ÛA£Ý flexible         £ÛB£Ý liberal           £ÛC£Ý literate£ÛD£Ý literary

¡¡¡¡6. £ÛA£Ý rallied           £ÛB£Ý assembled£ÛC£Ý gathered£ÛD£Ý summoned

¡¡¡¡7. £ÛA£Ý resource       £ÛB£Ý orientation£ÛC£Ý reserve£ÛD£Ý enterprise

¡¡¡¡8. £ÛA£Ý putting     £ÛB£Ý taking£ÛC£Ý growing£ÛD£Ý letting

¡¡¡¡9. £ÛA£Ý point         £ÛB£Ý meaning£ÛC£Ý commitment£ÛD£Ý sense

¡¡¡¡10. £ÛA£Ý blow£ÛB£Ý crack£ÛC£Ý strike£ÛD£Ý stroke

¡¡¡¡11. £ÛA£Ý when£ÛB£Ý where£ÛC£Ý which£ÛD£Ý that

¡¡¡¡12. £ÛA£Ý drastic£ÛB£Ý massive£ÛC£Ý extreme£ÛD£Ý progressive

¡¡¡¡13. £ÛA£Ý administration£ÛB£Ý manipulation£ÛC£Ý regulation£ÛD£Ý institution

¡¡¡¡14. £ÛA£Ý subject£ÛB£Ý course£ÛC£Ý curriculum£ÛD£Ý syllabus

¡¡¡¡15. £ÛA£Ý elective£ÛB£Ý selective£ÛC£Ý subjective£ÛD£Ý objective

¡¡¡¡16. £ÛA£Ý diversity£ÛB£Ý maturity£ÛC£Ý seniority£ÛD£Ý versatility

¡¡¡¡17. £ÛA£Ý By£ÛB£Ý With£ÛC£Ý Upon£ÛD£Ý At

¡¡¡¡18. £ÛA£Ý penalty£ÛB£Ý code£ÛC£Ý virtue£ÛD£Ý discipline

¡¡¡¡19. £ÛA£Ý little£ÛB£Ý less£ÛC£Ý much£ÛD£Ý even

¡¡¡¡20. £ÛA£Ý opened up£ÛB£Ý set down£ÛC£Ý brought up£ÛD£Ý laid down

section ¢ò   Reading Comprehension--

 Part A

¡¡¡¡Directions:Read the following four texts.Answer the questions below each text by choosing A,B,C or D. M
ark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1.(40 points)

¡¡¡¡Text 1

¡¡¡¡Massive changes in all of the world¡¯s deeply cherished sporting habits are underway. Whether it¡¯s one of London¡¯s parks full of people playing softball, and Russians taking up rugby, or the Superbowl rivaling the British Football Cup Final as a televised spectator event in Britain, the patterns of players and spectators are changing beyond recognition. We are witnessing a globalization of our sporting culture¡­

¡¡¡¡That annual bicycle race, the Tour de France, much loved by the French is a good case in point. Just a few years back it was a strictly continental affair with France, Belgium and Holland, Spain and Italy taking part. But in recent years it has been dominated by Colombian mountain climbers, and American and Irish riders. The people who really matter welcome the shift toward globalization. Peugeot, Michelin and Panasonic are multi-national corporations that want worldwide returns for the millions they invest in teams. So it does them literally a world of good to see this unofficial world championship become just that.

¡¡¡¡This is undoubtedly an economic-based revolution we are witnessing here, one made possible by communications technology, but made to happen because of marketing considerations. Sell the game and you can sell Coca Cola or Budweiser as well.

¡¡¡¡The skilful way in which American football has been sold to Europe is a good example of how all sports will develop. The aim of course is not really to spread the sport for its own sake, but to increase the number of people interested in the major money-making events. The economics of the Superbowl are already astronomical. With seats at US$125, gate receipts alone were a staggering $10 000 000. The most important statistic of the day, however, was the $100 000 000 in TV advertising fees. Imagine how much that becomes when the eyes of the world are watching.

¡¡¡¡So it came as a terrible shock, but not really as a surprise, to learn that some people are now suggesting that soccer change from being a game of two 45-minute halves, to one of four 25-minute quarters. The idea is unashamedly to capture more advertising revenue, without giving any thought for the integrity of a sport which relies for its essence on the flowing nature of the action.

¡¡¡¡Moreover, as sports expand into world markets, and as our choice of sports as consumers also grows, so we will demand to see them played at a higher and higher level. In boxing we have already seen numerous, dubious world title categories because people will not pay to see anything less than a ¡°World Title¡± fight, and this means that the title fights have to be held in different countries around the world!

¡¡¡¡21. Globalization of sporting culture means that

¡¡¡¡£ÛA£Ý more people are taking up sports.

¡¡¡¡£ÛB£Ý traditional sports are getting popular.

¡¡¡¡£ÛC£Ý many local sports are becoming international.

¡¡¡¡£ÛD£Ý foreigners are more interested in local sports.

¡¡¡¡22. Which of the following is NOT related to the massive changes?

¡¡¡¡£ÛA£Ý Good economic returns.£ÛB£Ý Revival of traditional games.

¡¡¡¡£ÛC£Ý Communications technology.£ÛD£Ý Marketing strategies.

¡¡¡¡23. As is used in the passage, ¡°globalization¡± comes closest in meaning to

¡¡¡¡£ÛA£Ý ¡°commercialization¡±.£ÛB£Ý ¡°popularization¡±.

¡¡¡¡£ÛC£Ý ¡°speculation¡±.£ÛD£Ý ¡°standardization¡±.

¡¡¡¡24. What is the author¡¯s attitude towards the suggestion to change soccer into one of four 25-minute quarters?

¡¡¡¡£ÛA£Ý Favorable.£ÛB£Ý Unclear.

¡¡¡¡£ÛC£Ý Reserved. £ÛD£Ý Critical.

¡¡¡¡25. People want to see higher-level sports competitions mainly because

¡¡¡¡£ÛA£Ý they become more professional than ever.

¡¡¡¡£ÛB£Ý they regard sports as consumer goods.

¡¡¡¡£ÛC£Ý there exist few world-class championships.

¡¡¡¡£ÛD£Ý sports events are exciting and stimulating.

¡¡¡¡Text 2

¡¡¡¡Why should anyone buy the latest volume in the ever-expanding Dictionary of National Biography? I do not mean that it is bad, as the reviewers will agree. But it will cost you 65 pounds. And have you got the rest of volumes? You need the basic 22 plus the largely decennial supplements to bring the total to 31. Of course, it will be answered, public and academic libraries will want the new volume. After all, it adds 1 068 lives of people who escaped the net of the original compilers. Yet in 10 year¡¯s time a revised version of the whole caboodle, called the New Dictionary of National Biography, will be published. Its editor, Professor Colin Matthew, tells me that he will have room for about 50 000 lives, some 13 000 more than in the current DNB. This rather puts the 1 068 in Missing Persons in the shade.

¡¡¡¡When Dr. Nicholls wrote to The Spectator in 1989 asking for name of people whom readers had looked up in the DNB and had been disappointed not to find, she says that she received some 100 000 suggestions. As soon as her committee had whittled the numbers down, the professional problems of an editor began. Contributors didn¡¯t file copy on time; some who did sent too much: 50 000 words instead of 500 is a record, according to Dr. Nicholls.

¡¡¡¡There remains the dinnerª²party game of who¡¯s in, who¡¯s out. That is a game that the reviewers have played and will continue to play. Criminals were my initial worry. After all, the original edition of the DNB boasted: malefactors whose crimes excite a permanent interest have received hardly less attention than benefactors. Mr. John Gross clearly had similar anxieties, for he complains that, while the murderer Christie is in, Crippen is out. One might say in reply that the injustice of the hanging of Evans instead of Christie was a force in the repeal of capital punishment in Britain. But then Crippen was reputed as the first murderer to be caught by telegraphy (he had tried to escape by ship to America) .

¡¡¡¡It is surprising to find Max Miller excluded when really not very memorable names get in. There has been a conscious effort to put in artists and architects from the Middle Ages. About their lives not much is always known.

Of Hugo of Bury St Edmunds, a 12th-century illuminator whose dates of birth and death are not recorded, his biographer comments: ¡®Whether or not Hugo was a wall-painter, the records of his activities as carver and manuscript painter attest to his versatility¡¯. Then there had to be more women, too ( 12 percent, against the original DBN¡¯s 3), such as Roy Strong¡¯s subject, the Tudor painter Levina Teerlinc, of whom he remarks: ¡®Her technique remained awkward, thin and often cursory¡¯. That doesn¡¯t seem to qualify her as a memorable artist. Yet it may be better than the record of the original DNB, which included lives of people who never existed (such as Merlin).

¡¡¡¡26. The writer suggests that there is no sense in buying the latest volume

¡¡¡¡£ÛA£Ý because it is not worth the price.

¡¡¡¡£ÛB£Ý because it has fewer entries than before.

¡¡¡¡£ÛC£Ý unless one has all the volumes in the collection.

¡¡¡¡£ÛD£Ý unless an expanded DNB will come out shortly.

¡¡¡¡27. On the issue of who should be included in the DNB, the writer seems to suggest that

¡¡¡¡£ÛA£Ý the editors had clear roles to follow.

¡¡¡¡£ÛB£Ý there were too many criminals in the entries.

¡¡¡¡£ÛC£Ý the editors clearly favoured benefactors.

¡¡¡¡£ÛD£Ý the editors were irrational in their choices.

¡¡¡¡28. Crippen was absent from the DNB

¡¡¡¡£ÛA£Ý because he escaped to the U.S.

¡¡¡¡£ÛB£Ý because death sentence had been abolished.

¡¡¡¡£ÛC£Ý for reasons not clarified.

¡¡¡¡£ÛD£Ý because of the editors- mistake.

¡¡¡¡29. The author quoted a few entries in the last paragraph to

¡¡¡¡£ÛA£Ý illustrate some features of the DNB.

¡¡¡¡£ÛB£Ý give emphasis to his argument.

¡¡¡¡£ÛC£Ý impress the reader with its content.

¡¡¡¡£ÛD£Ý highlight the people in the Middle Ages.

¡¡¡¡30. On the whole, the writer¡¯s tone towards the DNB was

¡¡¡¡£ÛA£Ý complimentary.£ÛB£Ý supportive.

¡¡¡¡£ÛC£Ý disapproval.£ÛD£Ý bitter.

¡¡¡¡Text 3

¡¡¡¡Surprisingly enough, modern historians have rarely interested themselves in the history of the American South in the period before the South began to become self-consciously and distinctively ¡°Southern¡±-the decades after 1815. Consequently, the cultural history of Britain¡¯s North American empire in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries has been written almost as if the Southern colonies had never existed. The American culture that emerged during the Colonial and Revolutionary eras has been depicted as having been simply an extension of New England Puritan culture. However, Professor Davis has recently argued that the South stood apart from the rest of American society during this early period, following its own unique pattern of cultural development. The case for Southern distinctiveness rests upon two related premises: first, that the cultural similarities among the five Southern colonies were far more impressive than the differences, and second, that what made those colonies alike also made them different from the other colonies. The first, for which Davis offers an enormous amount of evidence, can be accepted without major reservations; the second is far more problematic.

¡¡¡¡What makes the second premise problematic is the use of the Puritan colonies as a basis for comparison. Quite properly, Davis decries the excessive influence ascribed by historians to the Puritans in the formation of American culture. Yet Davis inadvertently adds weight to such ascriptions by using the Puritans as the standard against which to assess the achievements and contributions of Southern colonials. Throughout, Davis focuses on the important, and undeniable, differences between the Southern and Puritan colonies in motives for and patterns of early settlement, in attitudes toward nature and Native Americans, and in the degree of receptivity to metropolitan cultural influences.

¡¡¡¡However, recent scholarship has strongly suggested that those aspects of early New England culture that seem to have been most distinctly Puritan, such as the strong religious orientation and the communal impulse, were not even typical of New England as a whole, but were largely confined to the two colonies of Massachusetts and Connecticut. Thus, what in contrast to the Puritan colonies appears to Davis to be peculiarly Southern-acquisitiveness, a strong interest in politics and the law, and a tendency to cultivate metropolitan cultural models-was not only more typically English than the cultural patterns exhibited by Puritan Massachusetts and Connecticut, but also almost certainly characteristic of most other early modern British colonies from Barbados north to Rhode Island and New Hampshire. Within the larger framework of American colonial life, then, not the Southern but the Puritan colonies appear to have been distinctive, and even they seem to have been rapidly assimilating to the dominant cultural patterns by the last Colonial period.

¡¡¡¡31. The author is primarily concerned with

¡¡¡¡£ÛA£Ý refuting a claim about the influence of Puritan culture on the early American South.

¡¡¡¡£ÛB£Ý refuting a thesis about the distinctiveness of the culture of the early American South.

¡¡¡¡£ÛC£Ý refuting the two premises that underlie Davis- discussion of the culture of the American South.

¡¡¡¡£ÛD£Ý challenging the hypothesis that early American culture was homogeneous in nature.

¡¡¡¡32. The passage implies that the attitudes toward Native Americans that prevailed in the Southern colonies

¡¡¡¡£ÛA£Ý developed as a response to attitudes that prevailed in Massachusetts and Connecticut.

¡¡¡¡£ÛB£Ý derived from Southerners-strong interest in the law.

¡¡¡¡£ÛC£Ý were modeled after those that prevailed in the North.

¡¡¡¡£ÛD£Ý differed from those that prevailed in the Puritan colonies.

¡¡¡¡33. The author argues that, in describing American culture during the Colonial and Revolutionary eras, historians

¡¡¡¡£ÛA£Ý overestimated the importance of the puritans in the development of American culture.

¡¡¡¡£ÛB£Ý did not attach enough importance to the strong religious orientation of the colonists.

¡¡¡¡£ÛC£Ý failed to recognize undeniable cultural differences between New Hampshire and Rhode Island.

¡¡¡¡£ÛD£Ý used Massachusetts and Connecticut as cultural models for the other American colonies.

¡¡¡¡34. Which of the following elements of Davis¬ð book is the author in agreement with?

¡¡¡¡£ÛA£Ý Acquisitiveness was a characteristic unique to the South during the Colonial period.

¡¡¡¡£ÛB£Ý There were significant differences between Puritan and Southern culture during the Colonial period.

¡¡¡¡£ÛC£Ý The Southern colonies shared a common culture.

¡¡¡¡£ÛD£Ý The Northern colonies shared a homogeneous culture.

¡¡¡¡35. The passage suggests that by the late Colonial period the tendency to cultivate metroª²politan cultural models was a cultural pattern that was

¡¡¡¡£ÛA£Ý dying out as Puritan influence began to grow.

¡¡¡¡£ÛB£Ý self-consciously and distinctively Southern.

¡¡¡¡£ÛC£Ý spreading to Massachusetts and Connecticut.

¡¡¡¡£ÛD£Ý more characteristic of the Southern colonies than of England.

¡¡¡¡Text 4

¡¡¡¡During the last three years, many speculated high about the possible intrusions concerning the corporate computing systems and global computing infrastructure. Fortunately, such and many other frightening predictions did not come true. Surely, technology is the prime reason for this achievement but at the core lies the work environment and the human factor.

¡¡¡¡We have seen that IT leaders in almost all areas have enormously reduced their expenses by adopting winning solutions provided by today¡¯s security vendors. Does this mean technology alone is sufficient to deliver? No, in the truest sense, policies, their enforcement, along with education and training provide a winning combination to secure corporate computing.

¡¡¡¡As far as technology is concerned, due credit goes to security vendors and service providers for shielding users in many ways, from desktop antivirus software to integrated security appliances. Also, myths about the role played by operating systems in security have finally died out. Almost all OS vendors such as Microsoft, IBM, Sun, Red Hat, etc. have earned trust and recognition with their installed systems, suggesting that security is not a feature of an operating system.

¡¡¡¡The recently conducted 2003 InfoWorld Security Survey of more than 500 IT executives and strategists reveals that around 49 percent of reader respondents felt confidence in their systems-performance with fifty-two percent observing fewer than 100 attempts against their networks in the past year. This highlights the role of policies, enforcement, and positive culture in shielding away security breaches. In today¡¯s IT culture, playing a black-hat is no longer desirable; rather it leads to quick apprehension and strict punishment with years to be spent behind the bars. Alternatively, one can earn both career and recognition by helping out the industry with ways and means of fighting security breaches and hostile attacks-this way of looking into the matter is rapidly gaining support by many.

¡¡¡¡Training is another important concern for IT leaders-it includes training to avert human error and improve overall security practices. Unfortunately, a large part, 79 percent, of InfoWorld 2003 Security Survey respondents felt their corporation employees and users underestimated the importance of adhering to their company¡¯s security policies. It¡¯s critical not to underestimate the role of sound security practices since employees and users shape the needs for enterprise services.

¡¡¡¡Two other elements must also be kept in consideration: rigorous education and awareness of security requirements and significant number of staff to monitor and enforce security practices in the enterprise, the need for which is stronger than ever since many enterprises today handle security internally. All this underscores greater demand for training and education for securityª²related workers.

36. Which of the following elements is the most critical to online security according to the author?

¡¡¡¡£ÛA£Ý IT culture.

¡¡¡¡£ÛB£Ý Desktop antivirus software.

¡¡¡¡£ÛC£Ý Operating systems.

¡¡¡¡£ÛD£Ý The efforts by online security vendors.

¡¡¡¡37. An operating system is no guarantee of online security probably because

¡¡¡¡£ÛA£Ý some OS suppliers are not trustworthy.

¡¡¡¡£ÛB£Ý antivirus software is not updated in due time.

¡¡¡¡£ÛC£Ý it still fails to shield users from intrusions.

¡¡¡¡£ÛD£Ý some terminals are not installed with such a system.

¡¡¡¡38. The 2003 survey reveals that

¡¡¡¡£ÛA£Ý hostile online attacks are still rampant.

¡¡¡¡£ÛB£Ý other elements than technology are at work for greater security.

¡¡¡¡£ÛC£Ý fighting online attacks is a neverª²ending battle.

¡¡¡¡£ÛD£Ý new operating systems should be updated constantly to fight viruses.

¡¡¡¡39. It is important that employees stick to their company¡¯s security policies because

¡¡¡¡£ÛA£Ý they often make errors in operating their systems.

¡¡¡¡£ÛB£Ý everyone will have to follow the rules anyway.

¡¡¡¡£ÛC£Ý security breaches are often caused by their blunders.

¡¡¡¡£ÛD£Ý they are the ultimate users of the network.

¡¡¡¡40. The word ¡°underscore¡± in the last sentence of the text probably means

¡¡¡¡£ÛA£Ý underestimate.     £ÛB£Ý ignore.

¡¡¡¡£ÛC£Ý emphasize.           £ÛD£Ý meet.

section ¢òReading Comprehension--
      Part B

¡¡¡¡Directions:In the following article, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 41¡«45, choose the
most suitable one from the list A¡«G to fit into each of the numbered blanks. There are two extra choices which do not fit in any of the gaps. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)

¡¡¡¡Though most people don¡¯t seem to realize it, it¡¯s a disease, akin to alcoholism and drug addiction, and it has ruined more families and more relationships than statistics can accurately define. It¡¯s gambling-and it¡¯s one of the most underrated problems in America today.

¡¡¡¡Richie Martine can attest to this fact. As he speaks, his eyes tell the story as they transcend the excitement of a racetrack photo finish and the disappointment of losing this month¡¯s rent on a solitary basketball game. He¡¯s excited, then subtle. 41) .

¡¡¡¡Richie bets on anything, from the World Series to the presidential election. Hours before his sister delivered her first child, he attempted to bet his brother-in-law thirty dollars it would be a boy. 42) .

¡¡¡¡He once admitted, ¡°Over the last five years, I¡¯ve lost at least twenty-five thousand dollars, and even though it hasn¡¯t really broke me, I feel like I¡¯m always chasing what I¡¯ve lost.¡±

¡¡¡¡43) . ¡°I used to bring my ex-girlfriend to the racetrack and Atlantic City all the time,¡± he remembered, ¡°but when I¡¯d lose I¡¯d snap at her all the way home. She couldn¡¯t take it any more.¡± His gambling habits started early when, as a young boy, he¡¯d bet nickels with his father on TV bowling tournament. ¡°We¡¯d bet on every ball that went down the alley,¡± he recalled. ¡°It was just for fun.¡± Though it seemed harmless at the time, it led to a more serious and distressing involvement in gambling. And this, he feels, has thrust upon his father strong feelings of guilt. ¡°I¡¯ve never blamed him for my problem and he knows it, but I don¡¯t think he¡¯ll ever be satisfied until I quit.¡±

¡¡¡¡44) . ¡°When I win, it¡¯s like everything I touch turns to gold, but when I lose, I want to dig a hole and crawl right in it,¡± he said. It¡¯s these sensations, these extremes of emotion, that give his life a sense of meaning and keep him in constant touch with his bookie.

¡¡¡¡45) .

¡¡¡¡Lately, however, he has taken some drastic steps towards rehabilitation. He has quit his day job and taken a night one in the hope of isolating himself from the world of racetracks and ballparks, which operate primarily at night. ¡°What I don¡¯t know won¡¯t hurt me,¡± he says with a sad smile. He also hopes the changes in ¡°work friends¡± will influence his habits.

¡¡¡¡¡°It¡¯s a no-win situation, just like alcohol and drugs,¡± he concludes. ¡°And I¡¯m tired of it.¡± The world of sports will never go away, nor will the excitement of winning and losing, but with a little luck and a lot of self-control he may suppress his disease-but don¡¯t bet on it.

¡¡¡¡£ÛA£Ý He freely admits his affliction, which he feels is an important step towards recovery, but the exhilarating world of taking chances is not an easy place to leave.

¡¡¡¡£ÛB£Ý His mood changes reflect a man whose very life goes from ecstatic highs to severe doldrums-depending on Sunday¡¯s games.

¡¡¡¡£ÛC£Ý In his mind, gambling is a fine art requiring skill, strategy, and most importantly, a little grace from Lady Luck.

¡¡¡¡£ÛD£Ý At times, the stench of losing becomes so unbearable he vows to rehabilitate himself. Every Monday morning, after a weekend of gambling away half of Friday¡¯s paycheck, he takes an oath to change his destructive ways-so far without success. ¡°Every time I¡¯m ready to quit, I win a good buck. Then I¡¯m right back where I started.¡±

¡¡¡¡£ÛE£Ý But mainly he gambles on sports and, when playoff time arrives, Richie¡¯s money usually departs.

¡¡¡¡£ÛF£Ý His obsession with gambling has also had profound effect on several relationships.

¡¡¡¡£ÛG£Ý Gambling is to him a pleasurable activity. He goes to the racetrack, watches the pageantry of the horses, jockeys and silks, and enjoys the spectacle more because he has a $ 2 or $ bet on the outcome. He enjoys spending a day or two in Las Vegas or Atlantic City. But he goes only once every year or two, and sets himself a limit of $ 50 or $ 100 a day. When that¡¯s gone, he walks around and sees the sights.

¡¡¡¡section ¢òReading Comprehension--Part C

¡¡¡¡Directions:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (10 points)

¡¡¡¡46£© In an era when headlines shout about the latest cancer scare, Ames has a different message: the levels of most manª²made carcinogens are generally so low that any danger is trivial compared with the levels of natural carcinogens.

¡¡¡¡Ames is not a quack. At age 59, he is one of the nation¡¯s most respected authorities on carcinogenesis. 47£© His resume is packed with honors, including the Charles S.Mott Prize from the General Motors Cancer Research Foundation, one of the most prestigious awards in cancer research, and membership in the National Academy of Sciences. Even his critics say the Ames test-his simple, inexpensive laboratory procedure that helps determine whether a substance might cause cancer-is a remarkable achievement.

¡¡¡¡But Ames slaughters sacred cows. He¡¯s taking on the environmental movement, which some have called the single most important social movement of the 20th century. In April 1987, for instance, he and two colleagues, Renae Magaw and Lois Swirsky Gold, published a report in Science that ranked various possible cancer risks. 48£© Based on animal tests of nearly 1 000 chemicals, the data show that daily consumption of the average peanutª²butter sandwich, which contains traces of aflatoxin (a naturally occurring mold carcinogen in peanuts), is 100 times more dangerous than our daily intake of DDT from food, and that a glass of the most polluted well water in the Silicon Valley is 1 000 times less of cancer risk than a glass of wine or beer is. What he¡¯s saying is that most cancer risks created by man are trivial compared with everyday natural risks, and it¡¯s not clear how many of these are real risks. Both types distract attention from such enormous risk factors as tobacco.

¡¡¡¡Ames¡¯s cancer research began about 25 years ago over a bag of potato chips. Ames, then conducting research for the National Institutes of Health in Maryland, was reading the ingredients on the bag. 49£© It struck him that no one knew what each chemical did to human genes, and there was no easy way to find out.

¡¡¡¡At that time, scientists testing for carcinogenicity had to set up time-consuming and costly lab experiments on rats and mice. 50£© Armed with the knowledge that bacteria are sensitive to substances that cause mutation, and that carcinogens were likely to be mutagens, Ames developed a carcinogen test using bacteria. The Ames test was hailed as a major scientific development and is now used worldwide.

section ¢ó    Writing--Part A

¡¡¡¡51. Directions:There is an error in an English magazine that you feel must be corrected. Write a letter to the editor
to

¡¡¡¡1) point out the mistake,

¡¡¡¡2) suggest correction, and

¡¡¡¡3) express your interest in the magazine.

¡¡¡¡You should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET 2. Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use ¡°Li Ming¡± instead. You do not need to write the address. (10 points)

section ¢ó   Writing--Part B

¡¡¡¡52. Directions:

¡¡¡¡Study the following drawing carefully and write an essay in which you should

¡¡¡¡1) describe the draw
ing,

¡¡¡¡2) interpret its meaning, and

¡¡¡¡3) give your comments.

¡¡¡¡You should write about 160¡«200 words neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (20 points)